Highc reactive protein quant12/19/2023 The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated by an echocardiographer using the area-length methods with modified Simpson's rule. In general, the extent of stenosis and the values of Gensini scores (GS) by QCA are conducted at least twice by the cardiologists and the average values are taken in order to avoid the inter-observer variability as much as possible. The severity of CAD was represented by the Gensini Scoring system. CAD was defined as the presence of significant obstructive stenosis, at least 50% of the vessel lumen diameter, in any of the main coronary arteries by at least two independent senior interventional cardiologists based on quantity coronary angiography (QCA). The indications for coronary angiography are inaccordance with the ACC/AHA guidelines for CAG. The angina pectoris conformed to Canadian Cardiovascular Society of grade I-III and excluded from ACS was diagnosed as SAP. Hyperlipidemia was defined as TC concentrations of ≥ 5.2 mmol/L or TG concentrations of ≥ 1.7 mmol/L. The differentia of type 1 and type 2 DM was carried out by multiply elements, such as the age of onset, history of ketosis, concentration of insulin, curves of insulin release, and clinical manifestation. DM was diagnosed in patients with fasting serum glucose levels of 7.0 mmol/L in multiple determinations, or under active treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Diagnosis of DM and differential diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 DM were based on ADA guidelines. Hypertension was defined as repeated (at least two times in different circumstances) blood pressure measurements ≥ 140/90 mmHg and was assumed to be present in patients taking anti-hypertensive drugs. All subjects enrolled in the study underwent detailed clinical, hematologic and angiographic examination for assessment of the cardiac status and were asked for their present and past history about traditional risk factors of CAD, such as smoking habits, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, DM, previous stroke, peripheral vascular disease, family history of CAD and non-cardiovascular diseases. Patients with type 1 DM, acute coronary artery syndrome (ACS), significant hematologic disorders (leukocytes count 3.5 × 109/L or ≥ 20 × 109/L), infectious or inflammatory disease, and severe liver and/or renal insufficiency were excluded from the study. All of the patients were diagnosed with type 2 DM and typical stable angina pectoris (SAP). Written informed consent was obtained from all of the patients included in this study.īetween June 2011 and March 2012, we consecutively enrolled 373 women and men (70.2%) aged from 31 to 79 years (average age 58.7 years) at our institute. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the hospital ethnic review board. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to prospectively examine the association of lipid ratios and severity of CAD by the Gensini Scoring system in these settings. Nonetheless, whether and which ratio of lipids is the best and independent indicator for the extent of CAD in Chinese population with DM remains unknown. Although TC, LDL-C, and apoB levels were comparable between some ethnic population such as African-Americans and Caucasians, the associations of these parameters with allele specific apoA levels, or ratios of apoB and apoA might be different across ethnicities. Moreover, combined use of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and ratio was regarded as a stronger predictor of the severity of CAD and abnormal glucose metabolism than its individual components in patients with normal fasting glucose. – Among these lipid ratios, the ratio of apoB and apoA-1, an indicator for the balance between atherogenic and atheroprotective cholesterol transport, as well as insulin resistance, was superior to any other lipid parameters for accurately and effectively predicting the cardiovascular risk, or adverse cardiac events. Several prospective observations provided striking evidence about the clinical significance of lipid ratios such as the ratio of apolipoprotein (apo) B and apoA-1 (apoB/apoA-1) total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) low density lipoprotein cholesterol and HDL-C (LDL-C/HDL-C) triglycerides and HDL-C (TG/HDL-C) non-HDL-C and HDL-C. Therefore, it is important to screen a distinguishing complex of lipid parameters or lipid ratios which can best identify high risk populations simultaneously experiencing CAD and Type 2 DM. – And Type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) is widely regarded as a risk equivalent of CAD. Abundant evidence has shown that dyslipidemia participates in both initiation and perpetuation of atherosclerotic disease and coronary artery disease (CAD).
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